** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOLGEOGRAPHYLESSON NOTES FOR FORM TWOWATER MANAGEMENT FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT© MR. GUNDA W C - 2016

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **INTRODUCTIONWater is a liquid without color, smell or taste that falls as rain, is in lakes, rivers and seas, and is used for drinking, washing etc.There can be no life on the earth without water.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **ECONOMIC USES AND IMPORTANCE OF WATERIt used for clean : raw materials, machines, clothes, fabrics at home and other working places.It used for diluting : chemicals, any ingredients and others liquid materials.It used as raw material : in food stuff, bakery and soft drink industries.It used in agriculture : for irrigating crops, photosynthesis process of plants and drinking animals. It used for generating electricity power : to turn turbines that generate electricity [Direct uses] or it can be heated to produce steam, then to power machines which produce electricity [Indirect uses].

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **It used for recreational purposes : swimming, body relaxing, sports, drinking and tourism purposes.It used to facilitates growth and development of fishing industry : it support the existence of fish and other marine animals.It used for transportation : navigation by lake, river or ocean.It used for income generation : if it sold to costumers [as a drinks or being supplied for other purposes]It used for cooling : any body or machines at industries.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER AND QUALITY OF LIFEAn adequate and reliable water supply greatly improves the quality of people's life.Availability of water also means that, family members are easily able to cook and clean themselves, their clothes, their homes and other possessions.The size of a family determines how much water is needed at a given times and how frequently available it should be.In rural areas, if water is unavailable or not well supplied; family members [especially girls and women] spend most of their time and efforts looking for water.Sometimes, unavailability of water cost family by purchasing water from water-vendors, and then it may limits family funds available for investment.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **But a small family, does not require very large amounts of water, because of having low consumption. So this kind of families, are more experience better quality of life than a large families.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEGETATION AND WATER SUPPLYPlaces with dense forests and other form of vegetation act as water catchment [area from which rain flows into particular river/lake]. Such places retain water by preventing it from easily washing away or rapidly evaporating. Places with abundant [more than enough] vegetation, have higher chances of experiencing a reliable water supply than places having little or no vegetation.Lack of vegetation may lead to desertification [process of becoming/making desert] and very little or unavailability of water.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **EXAMPLE OF WATER CATCHMENT AREA

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **But, vegetation can not exist if there is lack of water. Even desert vegetation requires water, though in small amounts for exist.The more available water is, the denser and healthier the vegetation will be.Where there is little water available, the vegetation is sparse [small in amount & spread over large area]So vegetation and water supply are highly dependent on each other.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **HOW LONG DISTANCE TO WATER SOURCE AFFECTS THE GIRL CHILDIn most rural communities in Tanzania, the task of fetching water is placed on women and girls.Distance between the home and the water source affects the girl child in the following ways:Girls have to walk the long distance to fetch water, so they get tired, may get attacked or molested [attacked sexually] along the way, and having little or no time for playing and learning.Thus, for girls who are lucky to go to school, they tend to be too tired to pay much attention in class, then to perform poorly.And girls who are not luck enough to go to school, are condemned [unpleasant situation] to illiteracy, in turn lead to early marriages or teenage pregnancies.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **EXAMPLE

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **Furthermore, early marriage treat girls to be dependent to their husbands.Lack of playing time, leads girls to feel unhappy, unbalanced childhood and may experience psychological problems [childhood to adulthood].Generally, it is important for the government, social development organization and families to ensure that water sources are close to households so as to ensure the well-being of the girl child.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENTRiver basin is the land that drained by a river and its tributaries [smaller rivers, also called streams].River basin development is the sustainable use of river basin resources for economic gain.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **MAP SHOWING RUFIJI BASIN

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **CONDITIONS FOR A RIVER BASIN TO TAKE PLACERiver basin has to cover a substantially large area.Volume of the main river and its tributaries have to be large.Impact of development should not be negative and affect people and ecosystem.There should be enough funds to ensure successful development.Availability of land to set up administration and other necessary buildings and facilitates.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **BENEFITS OF RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENTImproves agriculture practices and whole production system. Example, it may used for irrigation.It ensures environmental conservation. This includes planting of trees and farming away from river banks.Many river basin development are marked by hydroelectric power production using water from the rivers in the basin. Thus it may leads to urbanization and industrialization of particular areas.It leads to improvement of transport in the areas with the river basin. Example created dams can be used for water transport and ferries.It leads to create job opportunities both within the river basin and outside.It leads to improved water supply to homes and industries.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **RUFUJI BASIN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY [RUBADA]River Rufiji is the largest river in Tanzania.It starts in the southern highlands and has many tributaries [like Great Ruaha River] and ends in the Indian Ocean.Rufiji River Basin covers mainly the regions of Coast, Morogoro, Mbeya, Iringa and some parts of Dodoma and Ruvuma.It consists of waterfalls as well as ox-bow lakes.It has a variety of animals, vegetation and bird species.It has different resources including water, fertile arable land, oil, natural gas, flora and fauna.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **EXAMPLES OF RIVER RUFIJI

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **It has a good climate characterized by adequate rainfall and warm temperature.Some of economic activities taken within the basin are: agriculture [Farming], hydroelectric power production [Kidatu], irrigation, fishing and navigation.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **RUBADA (1975) established for developing hydro-power, forestry, agriculture, tourism and transportation in the river basin.Is headed by a board of directors and has several departments such as surveying and hydrology unit.It has a role of offering consultancy services, especially for those engaging with river basin activities.It receives grants and loans from government to fund some of its activities.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **THE BENEFITS OF THE RUBADASome of benefits realized by RUBADA, government and people living within the basin are:Presence of hydro-power plants [Kidatu], generate electricity which contribute to the growth and development of industries.RUBADA has encourage the promotion, growth and development of tourism in the river basin [Selous, Rungwe & Usangu Game Reserves, Mikumi & Ruaha National Parks].Development of RUBADA led to creation of job opportunities [like Directors, Head of Departments, Farm Workers]RUBADA provide support to agriculture by enhancing irrigation. Example Kilombero Sugar Factory is one of the beneficiaries of irrigation.RUBADA has continued to ensure the conservation of resources in the basin.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **THE PROBLEMS FACED BY THE RUBADAInadequate capital : lack of funds has greatly limit the activities of RUBADA.Low level of technology : this has reduced the efficiency of projects such as hydro-power generation.Rural-urban migration : required skilled and unskilled laborers tends to migrate from rural to urban and lead to shortage of workers at the basin.Poor transport and communication infrastructures :poor transport infrastructures puts off investors to fear for their materials may not be transported in good time and affordable cost.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **Lack of support by local communities :some of the local people do not support some of the activities carried out or proposed by RUBADA.Fluctuating water levels :If water level increase, it may affects hydroelectric power production, but during droughts, water level is low and hence electricity production become very low.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **THE PROSPECTS OF THE RUBADARUBADA has great potential for growth.Example of potentials:Hydroelectric power generation : if funds are available, RUBADA will be able to upgrade its power production, and to set up new power stations.Transport :introduction of better water vessels will improve transport in the area, will ensure source of income, will encourage investment and improve transport infrastructure.Fisheries :there is great potential for fisheries in this region, so fish farms should be improved for comer

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **Forestry : RUBADA has noted that there is great potentials for development and exploitation of forest resources, so it should invest and get good returns.Tourism :the Selous Game Reserves, has one of the largest mammal populations in the world, has unique plant species suitable for Eco-tourism; that can lead to generate more income. Agriculture :it has large irrigable land, and that land can increase agricultural production in the area.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY [TVA]The Tennessee Valley refers to the drainage basin of the Tennessee River in USA.The basin is spread across the states of Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, Kentucky, Georgia, Mississippi and Virginia.Some of the rivers in the basin includes Holston river, Watauga river, Tennessee river and Doe river.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY [TVA]

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY [TVA]

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY [TVA]

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **TVA (1933), is a fully government owned body in charge of development activities in this basin.The main task of TVA is to improve navigation, generating electricity, controlling floods and to promote economic development in the river valley.At present, TVA is the largest public power producer in the country [with > 45 dams, >15 fossils fuel plants & 3 fully operational nuclear power plants].TVA has been successful control soil erosion by:Erecting bush-wood barriers across gullies.Planting steep slopes with trees.Strip cropping, terracing and contour ploughing.Constructing dams.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **THE BENEFITS OF THE TVAIt succeed to control flooding in the valley.Has successfully manage to curb[Control/Limit] soil erosion in the area.Has managed to increase agricultural production in farms within the basin by irrigation.By having hydroelectric, nuclear and fossil fuel power plants, it ensures provision of electricity to homes and to industries.Availability of water, land and electricity, TVA has attracted investments in various industries and led to industrialization in the area.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **TVA has reduced unemployment problems by providing more employment to people and ensure their gains.TVA has improved transportation of goods and people from one area to another via its rivers. TVA succeed to urbanize and improve social services of some areas within the basin. Example of urban centers are Chattanoga & Knoxville.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **THE PROSPECTS OF THE TVATVA has still great potential for further development. Some of prospects are:To expand/increase more agricultural production due to available a lot of arable land.To establish more industries due to available of land and power supply.To increase more power generation since it has potentials in generating nuclear power.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **LAND RECLAMATIONRefers to efforts to make land and was previously unproductive useful.Is a process of converting wasteland into land that can be used for economic activities and settlement.It may involve reclaiming land from sea, turning desert areas into arable areas.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **LAND RECLAMATION

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **THE MAIN AIMS/PURPOSES OF LAND RECLAMATIONTo increase the size of land available for agricultural purposes.To increase the size of land available for human settlement.To increase the size of land available for establishment of industries and offices.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **LAND RECLAMATION TECHNIQUESThe techniques used, are depends on the state of the land. For example: Irrigation :refers to the activity of supplying water to dry areas for crop production purposes. Irrigation is done by using channels, simple pumps and constructing dams along rivers to create water reservoirs. Afforestation :refers to establishment of forest at a place where they did not previously exist. Is carried out to reclaim swampy and desert areas. Afforestation also is done to create water catchments, to control soil erosion, to ensure timber production and to modify climatic condition.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **Drainage : is a process of reclaiming land that has stagnant [not moving] water. The excess water is drained to make the land suitable for settlement/agriculture.Clearing of vegetation and controlling pests : reclamation is done to land areas with very dense forest which are infested with pests [Tsetse flies], by clearing vegetation and killing pests through pesticides.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **LAND RECLAMATION IN TANZANIAVarious efforts have been made to reclaim wasteland in Tanzanian regions. For example:Irrigation : is carried out using water from the Rufiji river and some of its tributaries.Drainage :some of land were reclaimed for settlement purposes. Example Kunduchi & Msasani – Dar es Salaam.Afforestation and Agroforestry :Shinyanga region – Tanzania is a good example of land reclamation through afforestation under a programme called Hifadhi Ardhi Shinyanga [HASHI] and in Dodoma-Tanzania, Hifadhi Ardhi Dodoma [HADO].Clearing of vegetation : was done by colonialists especially in the Miombo woodlands.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **SUSTAINABLE USE OF WATER RESOURCESWater is found both at the surface of the earth and underground [underground water or subterranean water]The main types of underground water are: Connate water / fossil water : water trapped in the pores of rocks during the formation of the rocks. Most of such water is saline[Contain salt].Meteoric water : underground water which originates from rainfall and other form of precipitation [snowfall & hailstorms].Juvenile water / magmatic water : water that brought closer to the earth's surface due to volcanic activities.Oceanic water : underground water resulted from seepage of ocean water into the ground. Common in coastal areas. Seepage is a process by which liquid flows slowly & in small quantities through something.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **=> underground water can be tapped by:Drilling boreholesDigging wellsScooping soil to expose the waterScooping water from springs or oases.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **RESOURCES OBTAINED FROM WATERExample of resources obtained from water includes:Fish, Sand, Hydro-power, Salt and Decorative items [Cowry shells].

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **EXTRACTION OF WATER RESOURCESFish and other edible water creatures : Obtained from water through use of a hook and line, nets, herbs, spears or traps.Salt : is acquired mainly through salt water evaporation, to left behind with salt crystals.Hydro-power : tapped by directing the water to turn turbines, to generate electricity.Decorative items : harvested from the sea floor or the beaches by simply picking them up.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **PROBLEMS CAUSED BY EXTRACTION OF WATER RESOURCESOverfishingLoss of soil for growth of plant life in the water bodies.Sand harvesting tends to disturb aquatic life [interfere fish breeding] and cause flooding along river banks. Building of dams for hydro-power production, lead to cut off of water supply to other areas.Water pollution : example industrial waste, domestic waste, agricultural chemicals, oil spills and extensive construction; introduce harmful substances into water bodies, pollute water and kills aquatic life.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **CONSERVATION OF WATER RESOURCESWe can conserve water by the following ways:Avoiding wastage of waterControlling pollution : do not dump waste or throwing waste into water bodies.Protection of water catchments : by stopping logging or agricultural activities along water bodies.Education : people should be educated on the importance of of conserving water resources.Sewage treatment : sewage effluent should be treated before it is released into the water bodies.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **Controlled use of agricultural chemicals : especially in ares that borders water bodies, uses of agricultural chemicals should be controlled or stooped.Recycling : people should be encouraged to recycle [treat to use it again] their wastes rather than dumping them into water bodies.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **POSSIBLE QUESTIONSExplain the economic importance of water [Give four importance]Briefly explain the relationship between water supply and quality of life. [Give clear examples].Briefly explain the relationship between water supply and vegetation.What are the benefits of developing river basin.What are the benefits of the Tennessee valley authority.Explain three of the land reclamation techniques that have been used in Tanzania.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **Explain two problems resulting from the harvesting of water resources. Suggest solutions to these problems.(a) What is water pollution?(b) Describe three ways in which we can conserve water resources.Outline in short the environmental problems caused by over exploitation of water resources.Elaborate reasons indicating why the water resources are important to the economy of Tanzania.What are the factors affecting water supply in Tanzania ? [7 points]Describe challenges facing RUBADA in Tanzania [5 points]Mention and explain five causes of water pollution.Show how a long distance to and from water sources can affect girls [5 points]Describe the consequences of water shortage to the communities. [4 points]

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **THANK FOR YOUR ATTENTION