** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOLGEOGRAPHYLESSON NOTES FOR FORM TWOSUSTAINABLE MINING© MR. GUNDA W C - 2016

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **INTRODUCTIONMining is the process of extracting minerals and fossil fuels from the earth's crust.Sustainable mining refers to a controlled extraction of minerals to ensure that these minerals do not run out too fast.Sustainable : involving the use of natural resources in a way that does not harm the environment and can be used for a long time.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **TYPES OF MINING INDUSTRIESMining industries can be divided into two (2) main types:Metal mining industryNon-metal mining industry

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **I. METAL MINING INDUSTRYMetal mineral is a type of solid mineral substance that is usually hard and shiny and that heat can travel through it.There are different kinds of metals [gold, copper, tin & iron] that extracted.This type of mining industry is subdivided into:Gold mining industryCopper mining industryIron mining industry

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **EXAMPLESGOLD MINERALCOPPER MINERALIRON ORE MINERAL

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **II. NON-METAL MINING INDUSTRYThere is extraction of mineral such as oil, rocks, diamonds & salt.This type of mining industry is subdivided into:Oil mining industrySalt mining industryDiamond mining industry

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **EXAMPLESOIL MININGDIAMOND MINERALSALT MINERAL

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **TYPES OF MINERALS AND DISTRIBUTION OF MINING REGIONS IN THE WORLDMinerals can be grouped into:Non-metallic minerals,example asbestos & graphiteMetallic minerals [inorganic minerals], example gold, iron, silver & leadEnergy minerals, example coal, natural gas & petroleum

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS IN THE WORLD1. COALIs an organic mineral with a long history of usage by manIt is a source of heat or energy [can be used also for domestic uses, and in industries, for generating thermal electricity]China is the world's leading producer of coal [more than 30% production],other countries includes USA, European Union, South Africa In Tanzania, coal in mainly extracted at Mchuchuma area [Near Makete - Iringa]

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **EXAMPLEMCHUCHUMA COAL MINESCOAL MININGCOAL MINERALSCOAL MINERAL

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **2. PETROLEUMIs a source of heat and lighting, lubricants for machines, a raw material for several manufacturing industries and is used to run machines like vehicles.It occurs as crude oil, which is then processed to obtain several products [like diesel, lubricants, kerosene & aviation fuel]Leading countries in production of petroleum are Saudi Arabia, Russia, united Arab Emirates, Nigeria [at Niger delta] & Angola

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **3. IRON OREIs processed [in a process called smelting] to come up with iron, which is the most commonly used metal.The world's leading countries producers of iron ore are China, Brazil, Australia, USA & South Africa

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **4. DIAMONDSIs a hard type of stone, which is put to various usesPolished diamonds are used for aesthetic purposes to make things [like rings, bracelets & necklaces]Diamonds are used to cut glass in glass shops and industries.Major world countries producers of diamond includes South Africa [Kimberley & Namaqualand], Botswana, Russia and AustraliaIn Tanzania, diamonds are mined at Shinyanga [Mwadui]

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **METHODS OF MININGThe method of mining used, depends on whether the mineral is located close to the surface or deep within the earth's crustSo the main methods of mining are: Open cast mining Underground mining Alluvial or placer mining

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **A. OPEN CAST MININGIt involves removal of the earth or rock lying above mineralsIf the mineral-bearing rock is soft, digging by excavators can remove itIf the mineral-bearing rock is harder, loosening by explosives can be done to remove itThis method is earliest and cheapest method of mining

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **EXAMLPE

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **B. UNDERGROUND MININGIs employed in mining ores that lie deep below the surface of the earthIt involves digging a vertical shaft up to the layer containing the mineral; tunnels are then dug horizontally to reach the mineralThen mineral is transported from the tunnels to the base of the shaft from where it is hoisted onto the surface [Shaft method]If the mineral is petroleum/natural gas, the deposit is reached by sinking wells; pumping or own pressure brings the gas/petroleum to the surface

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **EXAMPLE

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **Other minerals are extracted by digging shafts up to the mineral-containing layer. Hot water is then pumped in to dissolve the mineral. Then, mixture is pumped out and water is evaporated to leave behind the mineral.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **C. ALLUVIAL OR PLACER MININGIs mainly used in river valleys.It involves mixing the alluvial deposit with water, then swirling [rotating] the mixture until unwanted particles are washed off, leaving mineral particles.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **WAYS OF PROCESSING MINERALSMineral processing involves the conversion of a mineral ore into the actual mineral ready for the intended use.Mechanisms of mineral processing vary from mineral to mineral.=> Example of ways in which copper is processed:Copper is mined as an ore.Copper ore, which is a bulky substance, is crushed into small pieces; then mixed with water. Chemicals are added into the mixture and put into a flotation machine, where copper particles float and are then removed.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **Particles are dried and sent to the copper smelters, that reduce the concentration to copper blisters [have about 97% - 98% copper content].Further, refinement can be conducted to remove small traces of gold or zinc

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL ** PROCESSED COPPER PRODUCTS

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE MINING INDUSTRY TO THE ECONOMY OF TANZANIAEmployment opportunitiesUrbanizationDevelopment of other sectorProvision of raw materialQn: Explain the contribution of the mining industry to the economy of Tanzania.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL ******EXAMPLE OF ESSAY WRITINGQn : Explain the contribution of the mining industry to the economy of TanzaniaMining is the process of extracting minerals and fossil fuels from the earth's crust. Mining industry is an economical activity concerned with the extracting minerals, processing of raw minerals and manufacturing final goods.Mineral industry has contribution to the development of Tanzanian economy as explained as follows:Employment opportunities: mining industry provides number of employment opportunities to people of Tanzania. Many people are employed in mines for extracting and processing minerals . . .

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **. . . For example Tanzanians employed to work at mining sites, hotels and shops, where they are paid salaries to run their life.Urbanization: mining activities tends to attract population, settlement and development of towns/places nearby mining sites. Also there is improvement of social services like water supply, electricity and health services. For example Mwadui and Kahama towns develop due to presence of diamond mining sites.Development of other sector: mining industry contribute to national revenue basket and led to development of other sector like agriculture, trade, transportation and communication. For example at Arusha, Shinyanga and Mwanza, there is improvement of transportation ways, improved trade activities and improvement in agriculture sectors.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **Provision of raw materials: products from the mining industry provide raw materials for other industries to produce other final goods. For example, gypsum is a raw material for the cement- making industries, iron ore and copper are raw materials to iron and copper products like water pipes and iron rollers.Therefore, those above are the some contributions of mining industry to the growth and development of Tanzanian economy.****

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **EFFECTS OF THE MINING INDUSTRY ON THE ENVIRONMENTMining can have serious negative effects on the environment. Example of such negative effects are:Pollution Soil degradation Deforestation Loss of biodiversity

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **I. POLLUTIONMining industry causes pollution in several ways. Example:Blasting causes noise pollutionLarge amount of dust released, may affect plants and pollute airProcessing factories emit harmful smoke and gases, pollute airOther factories emit their wastes into rivers/lakes or dump wastes on land.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **EXAMPLE OF POLLUTION CAUSEDEMISION OF SMOGS & SMOKE INTO THE AIR

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **BLASTING THAT CAUSE DUST AND NOISE

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **DISCHARGING OF WASTES INTO WATER BODIES

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **II. SOIL DEGRADATIONBlasting in mines causes the loosening of the soil in the surrounding areas, then lead to soil erosion.After mining, in mines there are large open pits and huge mountains of soil and rock are left behind and making the land unusable.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **III. DEFORESTATIONSo as mining to take place, large tracts of land should be cleared.So , forests have to be cleared to pave way for the establishment of mines, and leaves land bare. This may in turn lead to deforestation, formation of deserts and changing of climate.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **LOSS OF BIODIVERSITIES

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **WAYS OF MINIMIZING THE EFFECTS OF THE MINING INDUSTRY ON THE ENVIRONMENTExamples of some measures should be taken to reduce negative effects of the mining industry on the environment:Enforcing laws to protect the environment. Laws will ensure that players in the industry do not destroy the environment.Rehabilitating land once the minerals have been exhausted[completely used/finished]. This include activities like planting trees, replacing soil & turning mines into settlement area.Carrying out extensive research about the possible effects of carrying out mining activities in a given area before licensing such activities.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **CASE STUDYOIL PRODUCTION IN THE MIDDLE EASTThe main producers of oil in this region include Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar and Yemen.Most of these countries are member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries [OPEC], that plays the role in fixing oil prices.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **HOW OIL IS EXTRACTED ????

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **ADVANTAGES OF OIL PRODUCTION IN THE MIDDLE EASTEmployment opportunitiesSources of foreign exchangeImprovement of social servicesImprovement of transportProvision of energy and power

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **PRODUCTION OF NATURAL GAS IN TANZANIA Natural gas is a product of fossilized organic matter.Natural gas is used in domestic and commercial heating.Tanzania has recently managed to exploit natural gas at Songosongo [Kilwa -Lindi], then transported via pipeline to various destinations.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION IN TANZANIASource of employment, improve their living standards of Tanzanians.Reduce the problem of migration of the youths to urban areas.Natural gas is used in domestic and commercial heating and used to produce low-cost-electricity.Produced electricity by using natural gas, provides power to run machinery and promote development of industries.Production of natural gas has generate revenue for the government, later on collected tax can be used to improve infrastructure in mines and to other places.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **DISADVANTAGES OF NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION IN TANZANIADestruction and demolishing of settlements and farms to create land for the project; affect people.Natural gas is highly explosives. So its danger for those Tanzanians who are living close to the natural gas pipeline or project area.As a non-renewable natural resource, natural gas can be exhausted, and can led destabilization to other dependent sectors.

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **EXAMPLE

** MR. GUNDA W C 2016 *** LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOL **THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTIONMake sure that, you study hard and going to pass upcoming Examinations . . .