© Gunda W. C. – 2017HISTORY DIRECTORYFORFORM ONE

© Gunda W. C. – 2017SUBJECT MATTERS TO COVERSOURCES AND IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY Meaning and importance Sources of history EVOLUTION OF MAN, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT Evolution of man Early Stone Age Middle Stone Age Late Stone Age Iron Age DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND THEIR IMPACT Agriculture Handicrafts, industries and mining in pre-colonial Africa Trade in pre-colonial Africa DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEMS Kinship or clan organization Age-set system Ntemiship State organization

© Gunda W. C. – 20171. SOURCES AND IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY MEANING AND IMPORTANCE History - A branch of study that deals with the events and technological development of human beings throughout time, or the record of human activities SOURCES OF HISTORY Sources of history - Oral tradition, archaeology, archives, museums, written records

© Gunda W. C. – 20172. EVOLUTION OF MAN, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT EVOLUTION OF MAN - ORDER OF AGES Early Stone Age - Began around 2.6 million years ago - Homo Habilis and Zinjanthropus appear - Wood and bone tools are used (crude tools) - Lived a nomadic life as hunter/gatherers Middle Stone Age - Ended around 50,000 BC - Discovery of fire - Development of sharper, smaller, portable tools - Emergence of social and ethnic groups

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .Late Stone Age - Began around 50,000 BC to 3,300 BC - Neolithic Revolution occurs - Beginning of farming and domestication of animals - Beginning of permanent settlement Bronze Age - 3,300 BC until 1,200 BC - Military technology develops, Empires begin Iron Age - 1,200 BC until 400 AD - Trade and Empires come to dominate human activities

© Gunda W. C. – 2017STAGES OF HUMAN EVOLUTION Australopithecus Africus – Zinjanthropus - Early ancestors of man 2. Homo Habilis - The tool maker 3. Homo Erectus - Standing upright 4. Homo Sapiens - Modern man (Homo Sapiens Sapiens)

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .Changes in humanity’s way of life during the late stone age (Neolithic) in Africa - Man used tools with better efficiency, tools were sharper/lighter/smaller, increased production because of better/efficient tools, man started to live in an area permanently instead of living nomadically, cultivation of food began, family life was more stable with the formation of villages, began era of division of labor by class/gender/age/wealth, population growth, fishing began, skilled craftsmen/traders emerge

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .Dryopithecus/Procensul did not become hominids; they developed into apes like gibbons Venyopithecus and Ramapithecus became hominids Man started to be a skillful toolmaker at the stage of Homo Habilis By 1000AD iron technology began to appear widely in East Africa Iron technology revolutionized agriculture With fire and iron tools, man was able to clear large forests for farming

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .Some of the tools made from iron were spears, hoes and axes Nok, Axum and Meroe were famous areas for iron smelting Iron tools contributed to economic specialization Iron tools increased military operations and expansions of states up through the 19th century The growth and expansion of the Songhai Empire was a result of the development of iron technology Early Stone Age sites in East Africa are located at Rusinga island, Olorgesailie, and Olduvai Gorge

© Gunda W. C. – 20173. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND THEIR IMPACTAGRICULTURE Agriculture - The action by humans of keeping animals as well as the cultivation of cropsEffects of agriculture on humanity - Permanent settlement, population grew, specialization of activities, trade and physical activities HANDICRAFTS, INDUSTRIES AND MINING IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA Important types of industries in pre-colonial times - Basket making, pottery, iron smelting, tool making, mining

© Gunda W. C. – 2017TRADE IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA Types of trade - Local, long distance Local Trade - Trade which involves people within the same general location or within the same ethnic group Long Distance Trade - Trade between people from different locations or different ethnic groups (ex. trans-Saharan trade) Trade items involved in the Trans-Saharan trade - Animal skins, gold, kola nuts, beeswax, ivory, salt

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .Reasons for the development of the Trans-Saharan trade - Availability of trade items, use of camels as transport, political stability, fertile soil in North and West Africa, leadership (Sundiata/Mansa Musa), conquest by Arabs, emergence of kingdoms, Islam, trust between Berbers and westerners Effects of the Trans-Saharan trade - Introduction of new goods (silk, camels, beads), development of towns (Timbuktu/Jenne), spreading of Islam, development of education, states grew (Mali, Ghana, Songhai), Western Sudan lost a lot of wealth, stimulated the development of agriculture, spread of technical skills, intermarriages

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .Why the Trans-Saharan trade collapsed - Suspicion and mistrust among Arabs/Berbers/Africans, war in North Africa, colonialism, the triangular trade (Trans Atlantic trade), industrial revolution in Europe Commodities from East Africa - Ivory, gold, copper, leopard skins, tortoise shells, rhinoceros horns, slaves Tribes involved with the Long Distance Trade (LDT) in East Africa- Kamba, Baganda, Kikuyu, Banyoro traded along northern routes - Arabs/Swahili along the Eastern Coast - Nyamwezi in the central route - Yao along the southern route

© Gunda W. C. – 20174. DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEMSKINSHIP OR CLAN ORGANIZATION Kinship (Clan) - Refers to a group of families in a tribe that share common ancestors Clan Heads - The leader of a clan Roles of clan heads - Controlled major means of production, provided guidance to members of the clan, arranging marriages, presiding over religious ceremonies, settle disputes, protect ethics/norms/rituals Matrilineal Society - A society which is governed by women

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .Matrilineal Societies in East Africa - Kamba, Kikuyu, Makonde, Mwera Patrilineal Society - A society which is governed by men Age-Set System - A kind of socio-political organization which is based on age and sex. It was the dominant form to organization in pastoral societies (example. Maasai, Nyakusa, Khoikhoi) Example of Age-Set system - The Maasai Children (1-8, Layoin) - Not directly involved in production Youth (8-18) - Responsible for grazing animals and milking cattle, assisted by women

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .Moran (18-35) - Responsible for defending the society Laibon (35+) - Elders in society who settle disputes and make important decisions (war, marriage) Ntemiship - A type of state which is characterized by being made up of separated groups. The word is derived from kutema, which means to split apart. The most well known tribe which used this system were the Nyamwezi Mtemi - The name given to the leader who organized the activities which opened up new land and who controlled the people (ex. usukuma, unyamwezi, ukimbu, ugogo)

© Gunda W. C. – 2017STATE ORGANIZATION Factors for the rise of the ancient Egyptian states - The development of agriculture and pastoralism, specialization of labour, development of productive forces, war and conquest, growth of industry, growth of townThe role played by Islam in the formation or transformation of states in pre-colonial West Africa - Brought villages and cities together, villagers left indigenous religions for Islam, writing was introduced, birth of democratic Islamic rule instead of autocratic Hausa states, led to formation of Mandinka/Sokoto caliphate states, led to formation of African nationalism in West Africa

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .Explain the factors for the rise and decline of the Bunyoro – Kitara Kingdom. Rise: Good leadership, good climatic conditions, agricultural production which facilitated trade, conquering other states, Decline: Conquered by other states, disunity among factions, weak army, poor leadership Centralized western Sudanic states were mostly expanded by conquest The Kangaba developed into the Mali Empire