© Gunda W. C. – 2017HISTORY DIRECTORY FOR FORM FOUR

© Gunda W. C. – 2017SUBJECT MATTERS TO COVERCrises in the capitalist system The First World War The Great Depression The Second World War Nationalism and decolonization Nationalism in Africa The rise of social and welfare associations The rise of protest and religious movements The rise of mass nationalism and political parties in Africa Decolonization through constitutional means Decolonization through armed struggle Decolonization through revolution Changes in political, social and economic policies in Africa after independence Changes in political, ideological and administrative systems Changes in economic development policies and strategies Provision of education in Africa after independence Changes in the provision of health services Changes in the provision of water services Changes in the provision of housing Establishment of national military and national legal institutions Problems hindering development in Africa after independence Africa in international affairs Continental cooperation African regional cooperation Africa in International affairs REFERENCES Definitions People Dates

© Gunda W. C. – 2017THE FIRST WORLD WARCauses of the First World War - Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, Moroccan Crisis between France and Britain, dissatisfaction with British dominance of colonies, triple alliance of Russia/Britain/France and triple entity of Italy/Germany/Austria-Hungary, Belgian anger about the Boers in South Africa, failure of powers to agree on control of colonial land THE GREAT DEPRESSION Great Depression (1929-1939) - A period of profound worldwide economic crisis which ended with the beginning of World War II. It began with the crash of the American stock market in 1929

© Gunda W. C. – 2017THE SECOND WORLD WARWhy did decolonization/nationalism gain momentum after the Second World War - Weakened economic and military strength of Britain, France and Germany, European powers were dependent upon the USA for economic rebuilding (Marshall Plan), African soldiers began to demand freedom/self-determination/democracy, Pan-Africanism began to take hold, USA supported decolonization, British Labour party opposed colonialism (took power in 1945), success of other countries like India/Pakistan/Burma in achieving independence

© Gunda W. C. – 20172. NATIONALISM AND DECOLONIZATIONNATIONALISM IN AFRICA Reasons why the dream of a united Africa has not been realized - Lack of unity among countries, political instability, selfishness among leaders, colonial legacy, intertribal hatred, different levels of economic development, environmental problems, small countries fear big countries will dominate, competition among leaders (i.e. Nyerere and Nkrumah) The presence of Makerere University formed a part of regional intellectual elite in East Africa

© Gunda W. C. – 2017THE RISE OF SOCIAL AND WELFARE ASSOCIATIONS Roles of welfare associations, religious movements and cooperative societies in the struggles for independence in East Africa - Promoted unity among various ethnic groups, acted as training schools for East African leaders, raised awareness and consciousness among the colonized, laid foundations for political parties, provided social services that Europeans did not provide THE RISE OF PROTEST AND RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS Early (Proto) Nationalism (1900-1940) - The first phase of the development of protest movements in Africa

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .Characteristics of early nationalism - Arose as a result of colonial exploitation and oppression, influenced by the Pan-African Conference, generally lacked unity among protest groups Role played by welfare, peasant associations and tribal organizations in gaining independence - Brought unity among tribes, awareness was raised, gave a forum for discussion, gave moral and material support, was a stepping stone towards successful nationalism

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .Modern (Proper) Nationalism (1945-1990) - The last phase of the development of protest movements in Africa which resulted in majority independence for African states THE RISE OF MASS NATIONALISM AND POLITICAL PARTIES IN AFRICA FACTORS AFFECTING THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN AFRICAInternal - Grievances with colonial rule (exploitation, oppression, poor services, lack of power, land alienation, taxation, cattle confiscation) External - Europeans were looking to reform colonial rule in Africa (contribution by the USA/USSR after WWII), former soldiers, independence of Pakistan and India (1947)

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .Role played by the nationalist parties in the struggle for independence in Africa - Created unity among people, preparing people for self-government, helped peasants get better prices for their crops, demanding representation in legislation, opposed governments land alienation policies List of nationalist parties - Convention Peoples Party (CPP), Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), KANU, FRELIMO, ANC

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .Reasons for the outbreak of the Chimurenga war in Southern Rhodesia by the Shona and Ndebele - Land alienation, forced labour, harsh treatment, taxation policies, interference with Shona trade with the Portuguese, desire for freedom, destruction of culture, cattle confiscation Problems which faced Uganda during nationalistic struggles - Tribalism, religious tensions, regionalism, uneven distribution of education, class division, many opposition parties

© Gunda W. C. – 2017DECOLONIZATION THROUGH CONSTITUTIONAL MEANS Nonviolent Decolonization - Decolonization through the uses of negotiation (talking, parliamentary means, demonstrations, petitions, boycotts) against colonial rule which were usually done by the elite political leaders (ex JK Nyerere, Kwame Nkrumah, Leopard Senghor, Kenneth Kaunda, etc) Tanganyika achieved Independence earlier than Kenya and Uganda because it was a trusteeship

© Gunda W. C. – 2017DECOLONIZATION THROUGH ARMED STRUGGLE Factors that prolonged the struggle to eliminate apartheid/gain independence/get majority rule in South Africa - Prohibition of nationalist movements, lack of financial resources to support nationalist movements, white settlers controlled the economy, foreign support of Apartheid to suppress the spread of communism, large number of white settlers in the country, use of force and violence to suppress anti-apartheid movements i.e. Soweto Massacre and Sharpeville Massacre, weak support from neighbouring countries, multinational companies invested in . . .

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .. . . mines/plantations/industry, ethnic and tribaldivisions, possession of Namibia by the South Africa regime provided a safe place to wage war from, lack of serious support from the UN/USA due to fears of communism spreading, lack of political awareness among South Africans DECOLONIZATION THROUGH REVOLUTION Revolution - An armed struggle by a large group within the society against the colonial government Case Study of Revolution - Zanzibar Zanzibar Revolution - A 19th century battle that lasted about 45 minutes but demonstrated the iron fist of the pre-colonial European colonial powers in East Africa

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .Leader of the Zanzibar Revolution - John Okello (from Uganda) Causes of the Zanzibar Revolution - Exploitation of the population to grow cloves, economic difficulties faced by Zanzibaris, grievances between different Arab groups in Zanzibar, land allocation Zanzibar Independence - Zanzibar received its independence from the British on December 10th, 1963

© Gunda W. C. – 20173. CHANGES IN POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICIES IN AFRICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE - Changes in political, ideological and administrative systems - Political changes in African states since the 1980s resulted from internal and external forces Internal: National unity and integrity, constitutional changes, colonial legacy External: End of cold war, role of USA and USSR, non-alignment movement

© Gunda W. C. – 2017CHANGES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGIESReasons Tanzania created and kept a policy of self-reliance and socialism (1967) - Kagera War 1978/1979, oil crisis of 1973/1974, misuses of public funds, drought Neo-colonialism operates politically through the IMF and World Bank in the form of grants and loans PROVISION OF EDUCATION IN AFRICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE Changes in provision of education after independence - Expansion in the numbers of higher education institutions, new curriculums and syllabuses, training of new teachers,

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . . . . . Africanization of educational system and topics, less control by missionaries of the education system (secularization) Weaknesses of the educational system after independence - Quality of education was reduced (due to shortage of experienced teachers), corruption in the education system, poorly written examinations (or widespread cheating), neglecting vocational education, literacy levels remain low, lack of employment after finishing education

© Gunda W. C. – 2017CHANGES IN THE PROVISION OF HEALTH SERVICES Changes in the provision of health services - Doctors/nurses were trained, hospitals and dispensaries were built, vaccination programs began (small box, sleeping sickness, leprosy) Problems in the provision of health services - Not enough doctors/nurses, lack of hospitals/dispensaries, lack of proper training of medical personnel, lack of family planning services, low protein intake leads to malnutrition and resistance to disease, services are unevenly distributed (found in towns and not in rural areas), qualified doctors move to other countries, lack of clean water, lack of focus on health care by the government

© Gunda W. C. – 2017Continue . . .Changes in the provision of water services - (Not found in form four exams) CHANGES IN THE PROVISION OF HOUSING Problems in provision of housing - Lack of funds, lack of employment, lack of running water, not a high priority for the government, severe shortage of low rent houses Establishment of national military and national legal institutions - (Not found in form four exams)

© Gunda W. C. – 2017PROBLEMS HINDERING DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE Problems faced by Nigeria since its independence :TribalismMilitary coupsPovertyHIV/malariaUnemploymentCorruptionRegionalismOil

© Gunda W. C. – 20174. AFRICA IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRSCONTINENTAL COOPERATION Role of the OAU in the decolonization of Africa - Coordinated opposition to colonial rule, assisted leaders who were the targets of assassinations, allowed countries under colonial rule to air grievances and to condemn them openly AFRICAN REGIONAL COOPERATION Explain the objectives of the newly reestablished East African community - Economic integration between East African countries, unity among East African countries, free movement of goods and people

© Gunda W. C. – 2017AFRICA IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Why the USA changed its isolation policy towards colonialism - Wanted private enterprise from America to enter colonies without political interference from Europeans, rise of the USA as a global power Benefits gained by members of the Commonwealth - Economic relations, diversified economies, inclusion in global economy, better trade arrangements, peace/stability, commitments to human rights Notable failures of the UN is its inability to control the actions of big powers, prevent genocide, nuclear proliferation