I. COFFEEGunda W.C @ lushoto secondary school 2016

Gunda W.C @ lushoto secondary school 2016LUSHOTO SECONDARY SCHOOLGEOGRAPHYTOPIC : AGRICULTURE SUBTOPIC : I. COFFEECLASS : FORM TWO TEACHER' NAME: GUNDA W.C.

Gunda W.C @ lushoto secondary school 2016COFFEE It was introduced in Tanzania from Reunion Island by missionaries; then it spread to other parts of Eastern Africa. Three main types of coffee that are commonly cultivated are Arabica, Robusta and Liberica.Arabica coffee is the most commercially exploited type of coffee.Robusta and Liberica are hardy varieties; they can tolerate drier climates and are disease resistant.Robusta thrives in lowland and low plateau areas and yields poorer quality coffee compared to Arabica.Liberica (Originated from Liberia) also thrives in lowland areas; its yields are high and of moderate quality.Robusta and Liberica are widely grown in Africa.In East Africa, coffee is widely grown in Tanzania ( Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Mbeya, Ruvuma, Bukoba and Morogoro) and Kenya.

Gunda W.C @ lushoto secondary school 2016DIFFERENCES IN THREE MAIN TYPES OF COFFEE

Gunda W.C @ lushoto secondary school 2016CONDITIONS FOR COFFEE GROWTHIt requires rainfall of about 1800mm that is well distributed throughout the year. If rainfall is lower, it is necessary to do irrigation.Altitudes of 900 – 100m above sea level are ideal for coffee growing. In Tanzania, coffee grows best at altitudes of about 1200 – 1800m above sea level.It grows well in soils that are mildly acidic with a pH of 5.3 – 6.0. Soil should be ideally be medium loams for Robusta and volcanic for Arabica. Soils also should be rich in mineral nutrients and soil texture and structure should allow free air circulation.Coffee does well in places with moderate temperatures of about 14oC – 26oC, though it can tolerate temperatures of up to 30oC so long as there is adequate rainfall.Coffee growing is a labour – intensive activity. Hand labour is required in field preparation, planting, weeding, pruning and picking.Coffee berries have to be picked by hand because people can select those which are ripe and leaves those that are still green.

Gunda W.C @ lushoto secondary school 2016COFFEE FARM PREPARATIONThe field to be planted needs to be prepared at least six (6) months in advance.Weeds like the star grass and couch grass have to be removed.

Gunda W.C @ lushoto secondary school 2016Holes for the coffee plants are dug at least three months in advance and should measure at least 0.6m x 0.6m and 0.6m deep.Rows are normally 2.7m apart.Coffee yields best at a closer spacing of 2.7m x 1.4m; so as to have good supply of nutrients and soil moisture.

Gunda W.C @ lushoto secondary school 2016PLANTING AND CARING COFFEECoffee is usually propagated by seeds. Seeds should be from high yielding trees.Various seeds suitable for specific regions are available; seeds are planted in a nursery which should be well sheltered from direct sunlight, have light deep soil and well drained. Note: Tree shades should be avoided.Seedbeds are watered every alternative day for the first two (2) weeks, then the frequency may be reduced to twice a week. Note: Germination takes 6 – 8 weeks.When seedlings form a pair of true leaves, they are transplanted into seedling beds. The seedlings remain under full shade for the first one month.Seedlings a ready for transplanting in the fields when they are about 0.2m – 0.4m tall.

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Gunda W.C @ lushoto secondary school 2016About 2 – 3 weeks before transplanting the seedlings into the fields, the top soil from each hole in the field is mixed with a tin (debe) full of manure and a little super phosphate fertilizer; is done at the beginning of the long rains seasons.Mulch should be added around the trees to protect the roots from the sun.Each seedling should be sheltered with some shade from banana leaves or tree branches.Pruning is done according to the desired number of stems to be allowed to grow; it may be desirable to keep 2 or more main stems; this is called multiple stem pruning.When the seedlings are still in the nursery and reach a height of 38cm the plant is pruned to allow multiple stems to form.While weeding proceed, inter-cropping with low crops like beans and even banana; is desired at later stages to reduce soil erosion.

Gunda W.C @ lushoto secondary school 2016HARVESTING OF COFFEEHarvesting of coffee berries is done by hand; where by laborers are hired to pick the coffee.Only red ripe berries are picked, and taken to collecting center where they are sorted and weighted then taken to the processing factory.Other farmers dry the berries in the sun, then take sun-dried berries to the collecting centers.

Gunda W.C @ lushoto secondary school 2016PROCESSING OF COFFEE BERRIESIf both ripe and unripe berries have been picked; the first step is to separate them.At the mills, the outer skin is removed from the berries.Note: most of the Arabica and some Robusta coffee berries are processed by the wet method.The berries are mixed with water and sent to a pulping machine that separate the beans from the skins. Skins may be left in tanks for 2 – 4 days to ferment. After fermentation, they are washed and dried in the sun to open trays.Note: It is better to locate the coffee processing factories near the coffee farms to reduce the cost of transportation.The beans are then graded and packed in gunny bags.

BERRIES ARE MIXED WITH WATERGunda W.C @ lushoto secondary school 2016BERRIES DRIED IN THE SUN TO OPEN TRAYS

Gunda W.C @ lushoto secondary school 2016STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF PROCESSED COFFEEThe coffee is stored in large warehouses awaiting its sale.Warehouses should be aerated to ensure the freshness of the beans.Bags of coffee can be transported to the markets by any means of transportation.

Gunda W.C @ lushoto secondary school 2016MAJOR WORLD PRODUCERS OF COFFEEBrazil, El Salvador, Uganda, Kenya, Colombia, Indonesia,Madagascar, Ethiopia, Ivory coast, Guatemala, Congo- DR,Cameroon, India & Mexico

Gunda W.C @ lushoto secondary school 2016CLASS ASSIGNMENTList down two types of large scale agriculture.Outline three types of coffee.Define the following terms: (a) Agriculture (b) MonocultureName five major world countries that produces coffeeWrite three necessary conditions for growing coffee.List five Tanzanian regions where coffee is more produced.Mention five major crops grown in the large scale agriculture.

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